English Grammar/Conditional Sentences/Complete study Materials by Sujeet Kumar

 

English Grammar/ Conditional Sentences/ Complete study Materials

         prep.by: Sujeet Kumar

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

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CONCEPT

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Conditional sentences are,in fact,  statements which discuss some hypothetical( काल्पनिक) situations as well as their consequences which may take place as a result. For examples, read the following sentences :

1) यदि/अगर तुमने नियमित पढ़ाई नहीं की तो तुम फेल हो सकते हो।

2) यदि/अगर वह परिश्रम करता तो (वह) परीक्षा में पास हो जाता।

3) यदि/अगर मैं वहां होता तो ऐसा नहीं होता।

ऊपर दिए गए तीनों ही वाक्य Conditional Sentences के उदाहरण है।

FORMATION

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Conditional Sentences का formation दो Clauses के मेल से होता है: 

    1) If - Clause

    2) Main / Principal Clause

Remember:

If - Clause + Main Clause = conditional Sentence.

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where,

         Clause = Sentence

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ऊपर दिए गए उदाहरणों मे:

If - Clause हैं :

i) यदि तुमने नियमित पढ़ाई नहीं की;

ii) यदि वह परिश्रम करता:

iii) यदि मैं वहां होता;

            और

Main Clause हैं:

i) तुम फेल हो सकते हो;

ii) वह परीक्षा में पास हो जाता;

iii) ऐसा नहीं होता।

TYPES

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There are four different types of conditional sentences in English. For the comfort of learning, we can categorise them as given below:

1) Zero Conditional sentences

2) First conditional sentences

3) Second conditional sentences

4) Third conditional sentences

Each of the above-mentioned conditional sentences expresses the likelihood(सम्भावना) of something happening under certain circumstances.Let's learn one by one.

ZERO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

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Read the following sentences:

1) यदि तुम अपना दांत साफ नहीं करते हो तो तुम्हारे दांत में छेद हो जाते हैं।

                        or

यदि तुम अपना दांत साफ नहीं करोगे जो तुम्हारे दांत में छेद हो जाएंगे।

2) जब लोग धूम्रपान करते हैं तब उनका स्वास्थ्य खराब हो जाता है।

                          Or

जब लोग धूम्रपान करेंगे तब उनका स्वास्थ्य खराब होगा।

* ऊपर दिए गए दोनों ही वाक्य Zero Conditional Sentences के उदाहरण है।

* वाक्य को पढ़ने से स्पष्ट होता है उनमें एक सामान्य सत्य के बारे में बताया गया है अर्थात कि वाक्य एक ऐसी स्थिति के बारे में बताता है कि जिसमें एक चीज हमेशा दूसरे चीज के होने का कारण बनता है।

We can, therefore, say that:

Sentences which express general truths in such a way that one thing always results in the coming of other things refer to zero conditional sentences.

RULES FOR SENTENCE FORMATION

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zero conditional sentences are formed by using simple present tense in both clauses, i,e

* If - clause(simple present tense) + Main clause (simple present tense)

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Note : हिंदी वाक्य future time and tense को  refer भले ही करते हो लेकिन उनका अनुवाद simple present time and tense में हीं करना चाहिए।

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Examples: 

1) यदि तुम अपना दांत साफ नहीं करते हो तो तुम्हारे दांत में छेद हो जाते हैं।

                          अथवा

यदि तुम अपना दांत साफ नहीं करोगे तो तुम्हारे दांत में छेद हो जाएंगे।

if you don't brush your teeth, you get cavities.

2) जब लोग धूम्रपान करते हैं तब उनका स्वास्थ्य खराब हो जाता है।

                 ‌             अथवा

जब लोग धूम्रपान करेंगे तब उनका स्वास्थ्य खराब हो जाएगा।

when people smoke, their health suffers.

WRONG EXPRESSION

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 If you do not brush your teeth. you will get cavities. X

If you will not brush your teeth, you will get cavities. X

When people smoke, their health will suffer. X

when people will smoke, their health will suffer. X

FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

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Read the following sentences:

1) यदि आप आराम करेंगे तो आप अच्छा महसूस करेंगे।

2) यदि आप अपना दिमाग किसी लक्ष्य पर निश्चित करेंगे तब आप उसे अंततः प्राप्त कर लेंगे।

* ऊपर दिए गए दोनों ही वाक्य first conditional sentences के उदाहरण हैं।

* वाक्य में if - clause और main - clause future tense में है तथा दोनों ही वाक्य एक ऐसी स्थिति (situations) के बारे में बताता है कि जिसमें की कोई परिणाम( outcome) निकलने की मात्र संभावना(probability) है guarantee नहीं।

* we can, therefore, say that:

First conditional sentences indicate that under a certain condition a specific result is  likely to happen in future.

RULES FOR SENTENCE FORMATION

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First conditional sentences are formed by using simple present tense for if - Clause and future tense for Main Clause i,e;

If - Clause (  Simple present tense) + Main Clause (Future tense)

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NOTE:

* Zero Conditional : Simple present + Simple present ( only when a certain result is guaranted)

* First Conditional: Simple present + Simple future (when the result is likely to happen)

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Examples:

1) यदि आप आराम करेंगे तो आप अच्छा महसूस करेंगे।

If you take rest, you will feel better.

2) यदि आप अपना दिमाग किसी लक्ष्य पर निश्चित करेंगे तो आप उसे अंततः प्राप्त कर लेंगे।

If you set your mind to a goal, you will eventually achieve it.

WRONG EXPRESSIONS

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* If you will take rest you will feel better. X

* If you take rest you feel better. X

* If you will set your mind to a goal you achieve it. X

* If you set your mind to a goal, you achieve it. X

SECOND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

           (  Impossible Condition )

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Read the following sentences:

1) यदि मुझे पंख होता तो मैं चांद की यात्रा करता।

2) यदि मेरा अपना चिड़िया घर होता तो मैं लोगों को जानवरों से बात करने की इजाजत देता।

3) यदि मैं चिड़िया होता तो उड़ कर तुम्हारे पास चला आता।

* उपर्युक्त तीनों वाक्य Second Conditional Sentences के उदाहरण हैं।

*वाक्य को पढ़ने से पता चलता है कि इनमें ऐसे परिणामों(outcomes) की चर्चा की गई है जो पूर्णता और व्यवहारिक( unrealistic )है या भविष्य में जिसके होने की कोई संभावना नहीं है।

We can, therefore, say that:

Second conditional refers to sentences which have outcomes that are completely realistic or there is no possibility for the outcomes to happen in future.

RULES FOR SENTENCE FORMATION

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Second conditional sentences are formed by using simple past tense in the If - Clause and S + auxiliary verb for the Main Clause, i,e:

If - Clause( Simple Past Tense) +Main Clause ( Subject + Auxiliary Modal Verb[could, should, would, might] )

EXAMPLES

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1) If I had wings, I would travel to the moon.

2) if I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals.

3) if I were a bird, I would fly to you.

WRONG EXPRESSIONS

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* If I have wings,I would travel to the moon. X

* If I have wings, I will travel to the moon. X

* If I had wings, I will travel to the moon. X

* If I owned a zoo, I will let people interact with animals. X

* If I own a zoo, I might let people interact with animals. X

THIRD CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

    ( closed/ unfulfilled Condition)

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Read the following sentences:

1) यदि तुम मुझसे कहते तो मैं तुम्हारी सहायता करता।

2) यदि मैं घर गया होता तो पिताजी से मिल सकता था।

3) यदि समय से बारिश हुई होती तो फसलें बर्बाद ना होती।

* ऊपर से तीनों ही वाक्य THIRD CONDITIONAL SENTENCES  के उदाहरण हैं।

* वाक्यों को पढ़ने से पता चलता है कि उनमें एक ऐसी दशा(Condition) के बारे में बताया गया है कि जिसमें भूतकाल में कोई काम किए जाने की संभावना( likelihood) थी लेकिन उसे किया नहीं जा सका।

We can, therefore, say that:

The sentences of third conditional express a condition that was likely to happen but didn't actually happen in the past.

RULES FOR SENTENCE FORMATION

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The sentences of third conditional are formed by using Past Perfect Tense in the if- clause and for the Main Clause We use S + auxiliaries + have + past participle.i,e;

If - Clause( Past Perfect ) + Main Clause ( S +  would,could, should + have + V³)

EXAMPLES

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1) If you had told me me, I would have helped you.

2) If I had gone home,I could have met father.

3) If it had rained on time, crops would not have failed.

WRONG EXPRESSIONS

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* If you would have told me I would have helped you. X

* If you had told me I would help you. X

* If I went home I could have met father. X

* If it had rained on time crops were not fail. X

SPECIAL CONDITIONALS

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1)Use of the Simple Future in the If-Clause

Generally speaking, we use simple future  only in the main clause.

But when the action in the if-clause will take place after the action in the main clause, if - Clause will have Simple Future Tense.

For example: 

1) यदि दूध पीने से सर दर्द कम जाएगा तो मैं रात में एक गिलास दूध पी लूंगा।

In the sentence above;

* The action in the if-clause is the MILk easing the headache, which will take place only after the speaker takes a glass of milk. 

Therefore, we will write:

* If taking milk will ease headache, I will take a glass of milk at night.

2) “Were to” in the If-Clause

The verb phrase 'were to' can be used in conditional sentences especially to put emphasis on the potential outcome when the likely or unlikely result is particularly awful or unthinkable. 

For Example:

1) यदि मैं बीमार हो गया होता तो मेरा एक और दिन का काम छूट जाता।

If I were to be sick, I would miss another day of work.

2) यदि किराया ₹500 और ज्यादा होता तो मैं उसे नहीं चुका पाता।

If the rent were to have been ₹500 more, I would not have been able to pay it.

3) If - Clause ( यदि•••ऊॅ,ऍ,ओ, ए) + Main Clause (•••आ)

For Example

1) यदि आप उसे मिले हैं तो उसको मेरी नमस्ते दे देना।

2) यदि आप बाजार जाएं तो मेरे लिए एक कलम खरीद कर जरूर लाएं।

RULE TO FORM SENTENCE

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If - Clause( Should + S + V¹ + Main clause ( Imperative Mood)

Examples

1) should you meet him, my compliments to him.

2) should you go to market, do buy a pen for me.

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